confounding

adjusting for, 145, 294–296

criteria for, 292

definition of, 66, 94

residual, 68

constants, 17

contingency tables, 173–178, 184, 187–188

control group, 98, 154, 187

convenience sampling, 84–85

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), 302

coronary heart disease (CHD), 92–93

correlation, 40, 201–202, 220

correlation coefficient

analyzing, 203–207

description of, 202–203

example of, 10, 40

straightline regression,

227–228

table, 242

correlational studies, 91–93

COVID19,

183–184

Cox, David (biostatistician), 330

Cox proportional hazards regression, 330

Cox/Snell Rsquare,

259

CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network), 58

CRFs (case report forms), 74

crossover design, 65

crosssectional studies,

87–96, 176

crosstabulated data

analyzing, 160–167, 171–172

example of, 112–113, 166

introduction to, 11

relation to logistic regression, 250

tables, 173–174

cumulative incidence rate (CIR), 178–179